COMPLIANCE WITH THE SDGS: ECO-EFFICIENCY INDEX OF THEDISTRICT MUNICIPALITY OF PICHANAQUI, PROVINCE OFCHANCHAMAYO - PERU

Objective: Determine the eco-efficiency index of the District Municipality of Pichanaqui from June to December 2023. Method: The methodology of the Ministry of Environment of 2016 was used to diagnose the eco-efficiency baseline, to determine the degree of importance of the eco-efficiency indexes, the Delphi survey was applied and the methodology to estimate the level of sustainable development of territories was used for the eco-efficiency index. Results: The eco-efficiency index result was 0.52, representing an unstable state of eco-efficiency. Contribution: It will help the municipality obtain greater value with a lower consumption of resources or raw materials for the production of goods or services they produce, in addition to mitigating the negative effects on the environment that directly or indirectly affect society.


INTRODUCTION
The connection between urbanization and the environment is a crucial aspect that significantly influences the environmental sustainability of municipalities worldwide.An illustrative case is China, which has experienced rapid economic and demographic growth, facing significant challenges in harmonizing urbanization with environmental preservation with the help of its municipalities (Bai et al., 2018;Wang et al., 2020).Eco-efficiency emerges as a key approach to ensuring global environmental sustainability by promoting the responsible use of resources to improve economic efficiency and reduce environmental impact (Janqui & Segundo, 2022).
In Latin America, eco-efficiency initiatives have been limited; however, transnational organizations like the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) are allocating financial resources and logistical support to implement ecoefficiency plans.This includes the availability of funds and assistance to acquire clean technologies and carry out environmental management (Torres & Carrera, 2018).
Eco-efficiency can be described as a strategy that enables organizations to improve their environmental performance while also achieving substantial economic savings by optimizing the use of available resources and assets (Reátegui et al., 2021).In the public sector, it should be considered equivalent to competitiveness and excellence in service delivery (MINAM, 2016).
Additionally, it relies on two important pillars: reducing the overexploitation of natural resources and minimizing the pollution associated with institutional processes (Janqui & Segundo, 2022).MINAM, as the leading environmental authority in Peru, is actively promoting the adoption of eco-efficiency measures in all government entities at the national, regional, and local levels.This initiative underscores the importance of preserving the environment from a sustainable development perspective.In this context, the Eco-efficiency Guide for the Public Sector 2016 was developed as a practical and dynamic tool to provide basic guidelines for implementing eco-efficiency measures in public sector institutions.This effort aims to comply with Supreme Decree No. 009-2009-MINAM, which approved a series of eco-efficiency measures intended to promote the rational use of resources and reduce negative environmental impacts within public entities (MINAM, 2016).Meza & Rodriguez (2023) The applied methodology was the 2016 Eco-efficiency Guide for Public Sector Institutions, and to measure the eco-efficiency index, they used the methodological guide of composite indicators for sustainable development.The results determined that the José Crespo District Municipality is eco-efficient (0.49), while the Castillo Grande District Municipality is not.Reátegui et al. (2020), evaluated the level of eco-efficiency in the Cooperativa Agraria Cafetalera Divisoria LTDA (CACD) and the Cooperativa Agraria Industrial Naranjillo (COOPAIN).The methodology used included the eco-efficiency guide for businesses and the procedure for identifying aspects and assessing environmental impacts from the University of the Atlantic.The results of the eco-efficiency index showed that CACD (0.625) has greater ecoefficiency than COOPAIN (0.43).

SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study was conducted at the District Municipality of Pichanaqui, Jr.

LEVEL, TYPE AND DESIGN OF RESEARCH
The level of research is descriptive because it will describe the behavior of consumption indicators to determine the eco-efficiency index.Given the number of times the variable will be measured, the type of research is longitudinal because the eco-efficiency baseline will be measured at multiple points (monthly).Furthermore, the research design is non-experimental longitudinal trend, as baseline eco-efficiency data will be collected from the same population (Hernańdez-Sampieri & Mendoza, 2018).

POPULATION AND SAMPLE
The population is the public institutions of the district of Pichanaqui and the sample is the District Municipality of Pichanaqui.

PROCEDURES
The methodology used was established in the Eco-efficiency Guide for Public Sector Institutions (MINAM, 2016).A monthly baseline was drawn up for indicators of electricity, fuel, water and office supplies consumption, as well as the generation of solid waste and CO2eq per fuel.

DELPHI METHOD
It is the consultation to the panel of experts on a certain topic, in the study the consultation was carried out to 10 experts (López-Gómez, 2018), this in order to weight (degree of importance) the eco-efficiency sub-indices.

ECO-EFFICIENCY INDEX
The formula was used to determine the index: (1) where:

DIAGNOSIS OF THE BASELINE OF ECO-EFFICIENCY INDICATORS
In Table 1, the average consumption is shown as 42.67 kWh/employee/month.According to (García, 2022), the results from two municipalities were 16.71 kWh/employee/month and 16.73 kWh/employee/month, which differ significantly from the data obtained in this study.This discrepancy is attributed to the larger number of equipment in use, which demands higher electricity consumption.
The highest energy expenditure occurs during the anniversary activities of Pichanaqui.This is due to increased use of lighting, decorations, and other energy-consuming elements for the celebration.The longer these are in use, the higher the consumption (Gestión, 2022;OSINERGMIN, 2024).Additionally, the municipality hosts various authorities for meetings and training sessions, and extends electrical power to fairs and musical festivities.This reflects the growing dependence on electricity in our society, driven by the increase in devices and appliances that use it, highlighting its importance as one of the cleanest forms of energy available (Aguilera, 2020).Moreover, the consumption of electricity in providing municipal services represents a significant cost, ranking as the second most important expense for municipalities after payroll (USAID, 2017).(Reátegui, 2017) The consumption of fossil fuels increases over time, potentially leading to shortages in the future due to daily global consumption (Vargas et al., 2021).
In the Pichanaqui District Municipality, there is a higher consumption of diesel compared to 90-octane gasoline.Unlike neighboring municipalities, Pichanaqui received a larger budget in the transportation category, and over time, a significant portion was invested in acquiring heavy machinery for road maintenance and improving access for transporting products like coffee, cocoa, and other goods.Currently, the municipality has 45 pieces of machinery that  Table 3 shows the average water consumption at 2.54 m³/employee/month.According to (Rosas et al., 2021), the water consumption in their study was 4.60 m³/employee/month.This higher consumption was due to the larger number of employees in the José Crespo y Castillo District Municipality, which resulted in increased water usage.
There was higher water consumption in September and October, with 827 m³, and lower consumption in August, with 615 m³.According to the tariff structure of Empresa Prestadora de Servicio Selva Central, the water allocation for the State category in Pichanaqui is set at 25 m³/month (SUNASS, 2023).
Comparing this with the actual consumption, the Pichanaqui District Municipality is exceeding this allocation.This could be due to increased water usage from a rise in the number of sanitary fixtures (Arellano et al., 2019).In Table 4, the average consumptions are shown for bond paper, other papers, and ink and toner cartridges, with 0.39 kg/employee/month, 0.04 kg/employee/month, and 0.01 kg/employee/month, respectively.Paper consumption is a major source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (Quispe, 2022).Recycling each kilogram of paper prevents 900 g of CO2 emissions in landfills.Within the entity, the document processing area oversees the documents that enter and subsequently directs them to the relevant departments.This working methodology results in irresponsible use of paper and unnecessary expenditure of state resources (Chancafe, 2022).(Orús, 2024).Fossil energy sources are responsible for a significant portion of the total emissions for which the country is accountable (Muentes et al., 2022).In 2019, the total CO2 equivalent emissions amounted to 53908 x10 6 kg, with the transportation sector having the largest share (MINEM, 2021).

ECO-EFFICIENCY STATUS
Table 8 shows the unstable eco-efficiency status of the Pichanaqui District Municipality, with an index of 0.52.Compared with the study by (García, 2022), showed that the Mariano Dámaso Beraún District Municipality had an index of 0.41 (unstable).This is because both municipalities are significantly influenced by the indicators of fuel consumption, electricity usage, and solid waste generation.
On the other hand, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP, 2019) reported that the Human Development Index (HDI) for the Pichanaqui District was 0.4505, while for the districts of Pozuzo and Mariano Dámaso Beraún, it was 0.3545 and 0.3514, respectively.This suggests that the Pichanaqui District Municipality is more socially and economically developed, which may explain why its eco-efficiency index is higher.Rosas et al. (2021) determined an eco-efficiency index of 0.69 (stable) for the Luyando District Municipality, which had an average of 101 employees compared to the 301 employees in the Pichanaqui District Municipality.The variation in the indices is attributed to the number of employees each municipality has, supporting (Vera, 2022) assertion that fewer employees lead to lower consumption of labor and material resources.

CONCLUSION
The eco-efficiency status of the Pichanaqui District Municipality is unstable, with an index of 0.52.This instability is due to higher consumption of fuel, electricity, and increased waste generation.Additionally, the importance of the indicators identified by experts aligns with the indicators for electricity consumption and solid waste generation.
To achieve optimal eco-efficiency in the municipality, implementing eco-efficiency measures is essential.This will require formulating an ecoefficiency plan and coordinating all stakeholders involved in the process.
, diagnosed the level of eco-efficiency in a medium-sized company called Pohar S.R.L., located in the Province of Ilo, Moquegua Department.They used the methodology established in the 2016 methodological guide issued by MINAM, identifying the company's poor ecoefficiency practices.The results indicated that the eco-efficiency plan developed contributed to the proper management of resources used within Pohar S.R.L., helping to improve the economy and reduce the misuse of resources.Sala-Garrido et al. (2022), evaluated the technical, environmental, and eco-efficiency of various Chilean municipalities.The methodology used was the RAM-DEA model to measure the performance of the municipalities in the provision of urban solid waste from both environmental and productive perspectives.Additionally, a regression tree model was used to observe and evaluate the importance of environmental variables in the previously calculated efficiency scores.The results showed that Chilean municipalities performed poorly from a technical perspective (0.484), with average scores for environmental efficiency (0.899) and eco-efficiency (0.922).The percentage of eco-efficient municipalities was less than 1%.Rosas et al. (2021), evaluated the eco-efficiency in the district municipalities of José Crespo and Castillo from September 2015 to August 2016.
using measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode and maximum-minimum).
Rivera-Velazco, Z., Reategui-Inga, M., Durand, R., P., Coaguila-Rodriguez, P., Lu, J., K., G., Cisneros, A. (2024) Compliance with the SDGS: Eco-Efficiency Index of Thedistrict Municipality of Pichanaqui, Province Ofchanchamayo -Peru , the amount of diesel consumed in the Nueva Cajamarca District Municipality was 134.21 gallons/vehicle/month.This lower value is due to the smaller number of vehicles (14 vehicles) compared to the Pichanaqui District Municipality (45 vehicles).The diesel consumption was highest in December, at 17671 gallons, compared to 4603 gallons in November.This increase was due to more extensive execution and maintenance activities in various sectors.The activities included: rural road construction and maintenance (5000 gallons), preventive measures for waterways and drainage (2654 gallons), improvement of support services for productive development (2000 gallons), organization of sports activities focusing on children (2521 gallons), and solid waste collection and disposal (2074 gallons).
Rivera-Velazco, Z., Reategui-Inga, M., Durand, R., P., Coaguila-Rodriguez, P., Lu, J., K., G., Cisneros, A. (2024) Compliance with the SDGS: Eco-Efficiency Index of Thedistrict Municipality of Pichanaqui, Province Ofchanchamayo -Peru use diesel and 24 vehicles that use 90-octane gasoline.It's important to consider that fuel consumption depends on the type of machinery, its age, proper maintenance, and operating conditions(Torrejon, 2022).Additionally, poor practices by machinery operators, such as not choosing the shortest route to their destination, contribute to higher fuel consumption.In winter, landslides often obstruct roads in Pichanaqui, requiring machinery to clear them, leading to additional fuel use beyond what was initially planned, resulting in fuel wastage(Sánchez-Varela, 2018).
figure.The large amount of organic waste in municipalities is attributed to several factors, such as the lack of efficient integrated solid waste management, inadequate source separation, limited implementation of valorization and composting programs, and a lack of awareness and training programs on solid waste management (González-Jiménez & Villalobos-Morales, 2021).

Table 2 ,
the average diesel consumption is shown as 281.38 gallons/vehicle/month.According to

Month Number of Workers (N) Bond paper A4 Other papers Ink and toner cartridges kg ICPB kg/worker/mon th kg ICOP kg/worker/ month kg ICTT kg/worker/ month
ICOP: Other Paper Consumption Indicator ICTT: Indicador de Cartuchos de Tinta o Tóner ̅ : Average

Table 7 ,
it is observed that CO2 emissions from diesel fuel were highest in December, at 177453.85 kgCO2eq, and lowest in November, at 46223.79 kgCO2eq.Over the last century, global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel consumption and industry have steadily increased