CONSERVATION OF THE MOUNT BAWAKARAENG WATER RESOURCES AREA AS A FORM OF WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT THROUGH SUSTAINABLE AND ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES

Objective: To assess the impact of land cover change on the problems of erosion, sedimentation, flooding, and water scarcity in the Jeneberang watershed and to formulate comprehensive policy and strategy recommendations for the conservation and sustainable management of water resources in the Mount Bawakaraeng area. Metode : This research use of method of conducting legal research known as normative – empirical method, which combine aspects of normative law with data or empirical components. This method is also used to learn how normative legal provisions (laws) are applied to each specific legal event that takes place in community. Results: The change in land use has led to an increase in erosion, sedimentation, flooding, and water scarcity in the Jeneberang Watershed. Deforestation and forest degradation in the upstream area of the Jeneberang watershed have caused various problems related to unsustainable water resource management. Conclusion: the need for a comprehensive and integrated approach in water resources management in the Mount Bawakaraeng area, guided by Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the principles of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM). This includes: Strengthening legal and regulatory frameworks for forest and land conservation, Promoting sustainable land management practices among local communities, Improving coordination and collaboration among stakeholders in watersheds, Improving monitoring, data collection, and evidence-based decision-making, Providing alternative livelihood opportunities to reduce pressure on natural resources.


INTRODUCTION
Water supply in the world is one of the issues that is increasingly being discussed because water is an important resource for all living things, including humans.In their lives, humans will always need water, starting from household activities, such as drinking water, bathing, cooking, washing, sanitation, and others.Water is also needed by humans in other sectors, including in the agriculture, recreation, industry, and even environmental activities.Therefore, water is considered to have a very important role to support human life, its existence cannot be replaced by other resources (Martha, 2017).
Mount Bawakaraeng has an altitude of 2883 meters above sea level with a geographical location at 119° 56 '40" E ; 05°19' 01" S ; located in the administrative area of Tinggi Mong District, Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi, is an important ecosystem because it is the main source of raw water availability in seven districts and cities in South Sulawesi, namely Makassar, Gowa, Takalar, Jeneponto, Bantaeng, Bulukumba, and Sinjai.The area of the mountainous area is around 72.26 percent.The forest area in the Karaeng Lompo area, which is the headwaters of the Jeneberang river area, covers an area of 1,011,693 ha, with a forest area of 259,174 ha (25.62% of the area functions as a life buffer to regulate water systems, prevent floods, and control erosion. The condition of the area in the upper part of the Jeneberang River is declining due to land cultivation that does not pay attention to the aspects of soil conservation and deforestation.This causes an increase in land erosion which then results in an increase in sedimentation in downstream areas, reduced river flow capacity due to siltation, decreased base-flow in the long dry season, drought in the dry season and flooding in the rainy season (Hasbi, 2020) In a watershed, drought causes problems due to the existence of large critical lands that do not hold water, and this can lead to an increase in the rate of surface water runoff, erosion and sedimentation, as well as the possibility of flood disasters in the rainy season and in the dry season to experience drought (Ministry of Forestry, 2012).According to Grigg (1996), water resources management is defined as the application of structural and non-structural ways to control natural and manmade water resource systems for human interests/benefits and environmental purposes (Kodoatie,2012) Structural measures for water management are constructed facilities that are used to control the flow of water both in terms of quantity and quality.Non-structural measures for water management are programs or activities that do not require facilities.(Farma, 2022) Water resource management is a process aimed at improving the development and management of water, land, and related resources in a coordinated manner in order to achieve maximum economic and social well-being in a fair manner and absolutely maintain the sustainability of vital ecosystems (Farma, 2022) More specifically, integrated water resources management is defined as a process that promotes the coordination of development and management of water, land and related resources in order to optimize economic and social welfare results in an appropriate attitude without disturbing the stability of important ecosystems (Sutikno, 2014).Water resources management is carried out through coordination by integrating the interests of various sectors, regions, and stakeholders in the field of water resources.Coordination is intended at the national, provincial, district and river area levels (Armus, 2021).the concept of the essential needs of the poor and need to be prioritized and

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ECOLOGICAL SUSTAINABILITY
(2) the concept of the limitations of the environment's ability to meet current and future generations (Hasni, 2008).
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) emerged, as an instrument to achieve full sustainable development, which is global, universally applicable, that dialogues with policies and actions at the regional and local levels and that local governments and managers are responsible for raising awareness and mobilizing people.(Ribeiro, 2023) Development also requires space, both to explore resources and as a place to build.This certainly has the potential to damage nature because in its implementation development will involve the process of engineering the physical and social environment.Meanwhile, the development process cannot be stopped because humans must meet their needs to survive, develop, and progress.The step that must be considered is the extent to which the damage can be overcome so that development can continue (Oeakan.S.Abdoellah, 2016) Environmentally sound development is a conscious and planned effort to use and manage resources wisely in planned and sustainable development to improve the quality of human life.The implementation of environmentally sound development and the controlled use of natural resources wisely are the main goals of environmental management.Sustainable development is closely related to environmental management programs and policies (Sipayung, 2022).

MATERIAL AND METHOD
This research use of method of conducting legal research known as normative -empirical method , which combine aspects of normative law with data or empirical components.This method is also used to learn how normative legal provisions (laws) are applied to each specific legal event that takes place in community.The Mount Bawakaraeng is the headwaters of the Jeneberang River region is the focus of this study, which investigates the laws, rules, and Therefore, stricter supervision is needed to maintain the closure of protected forest areas in the form of primary forests.However, in reality, only 60.17% of protected forest areas in South Sulawesi are covered in the form of primary forests, the remaining 16.53% secondary forests, 10.17% mixed plantations, and 6.40 shrubs.The function or status of the second largest forest area in South Sulawesi is conservation forest at 31%.These conservation forests are generally in the form of protected areas where there are nature reserves, tourist parks, wildlife sanctuaries, nature reserves, and nature reserves.Looking at the pattern of changes in land cover and use that occur in the upstream and downstream parts of the Jeneberang watershed, there are 2 (two) issues that are closely related to changes in land cover and use with increasing disaster risk, namely: Forests, in addition to the types of land cover and use are grouped into nonforest.From the results of the analysis of map data overlays from 1999 to 2020, the Jeneberang watershed has experienced degradation and deforestation.For the occurrence of forest degradation, namely the decrease in the area of primary dryland forests to secondary dryland from 1999 to 2020 is as wide as 770.14 Ha.If averaged, the annual degradation event is 36.67Ha or 1.72%.
Then for the deforestation events that occurred in the period from 1999 to 2020, there was a decrease in forest to non-forest, which was an area of     • Provide clear guidelines and mandates for coordinated action among various government agencies and stakeholders involved in watershed management.

PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE LAND USE PRACTICES
• Develop and implement a comprehensive land use plan for the watershed, involving all relevant stakeholders, to balance competing demands for land and water resources; • Provide incentives and support for local communities to adopt sustainable agriculture, agroforestry, and soil conservation practices that reduce the risk of erosion and sedimentation; • Closely regulate and monitor the conversion of forests and other natural areas for unsustainable use, such as settlement expansion and commercial agriculture.
Pasapan, P., T., Wahid, M., Y., Saleng, A., Nur, S., S. (2024) Conservation of the Mount Bawakaraeng Water Resources Area as a Form of Water Resources Management Through Sustainable and Environmentally Sound Development Strategies Water resource management through sustainable and environmentally sound development strategies is one of the important actions to overcome poverty alleviation, food and energy security, and natural resource conservation.In its implementation, several laws and regulations and policies have been perfected, including the enactment of Law Number 17 of 2019 concerning Water Resources which has included the principles of IWRM and Presidential Regulation (Presidential Regulation No. 12 of 2008) concerning the Water Resources Council and National Policy on Water Resources Management. 2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES The United Nations Conference held in Mar del Plata, Argentina in 1977 formulated the right to water as a human right, the background of the formulation of the right to water as a stand-alone human right is because the initial symptoms of the water scarcity crisis on a global scale began to appear.This conference was referred to as the basis for the declaration of the right to water as a stand-alone human right by the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in July 2010.The International Conference on Water and Environment (ICWE) related to the development of issues for the 21 st century held in Dublin on January 26-31, 1992 resulted in The Dublin Statement on Water and Sustainable Development.The International Conference put forward four principles for action at the local, national and international levels, namely: 1. Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, development and the environment; 2. Water development and management should be based on a participatory approach, involving users, planners and policy-makers at all levels; 3. Women play a central part in the provision, management and safeguarding of water; 4. Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be recognized as an economic good.Pasapan, P., T., Wahid, M., Y., Saleng, A., Nur, S., S. (2024) Conservation of the Mount Bawakaraeng Water Resources Area as a Form of Water Resources Management Through Sustainable and Environmentally Sound Development Strategies The directive is then used as a guide in developing the concept of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) by the Techical Advisory Committee (TAC) of the Global Water Partnership (GWP) based in Stockolom, Sweden.The concept of IWRM is further outlined in Background Paper No. 4 of 2000 which states that IWRM is defined as: a process that integrates the management of water, land, and other related resources in a coordinated manner, in order to maximize economic and social welfare results fairly without sacrificing the sustainability of vital ecosystems.
Sustainable development was first defined in 1987 by the World Commission on Environment and Development, chaired by Gro Harlem Burtland, namely "Sustainable development is the development that meets the needs of Pasapan, P., T., Wahid, M., Y., Saleng, A., Nur, S., S. (2024) Conservation of the Mount Bawakaraeng Water Resources Area as a Form of Water Resources Management Through Sustainable and Environmentally Sound Development Strategies the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs".There are two main concepts of the definition, namely (1) Pasapan, P., T., Wahid, M., Y., Saleng, A., Nur, S., S. (2024) Conservation of the Mount Bawakaraeng Water Resources Area as a Form of Water Resources Management Through Sustainable and Environmentally Sound Development Strategies permits that govern the management and utilization of water resources in that region.4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION Law No. 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management states that the conservation of natural resources is carried out to ensure the sustainability of resource availability.Water conservation through effective management and efficient use is an urgently needed and urgent activity.South Sulawesi Provincial Regional Regulation Number 1 of 2019 concerning the South Sulawesi Province Regional Medium-Term Development Plan for 2018 to 2023.The direction of the regional medium-term development policy is a guideline for determining the stages and priorities of five-year development in order to achieve the goals of the Medium-Term Development Plan in stages.The stages and priorities set reflect the urgency of the problem and the strategic issue to be solved related to timing.The policy priorities of the South Sulawesi Province Regional Medium-Term Development Plan are to increase regional infrastructure capacity, one of which is in the form of targeted Water Resources Conservation, strategies, and general policies including: 1. Target: Increase the conservation and rehabilitation of forests and critical lands and the maintenance of biodiversity.Strategy: Increase multi-stakeholder involvement in the movement for critical land management and biodiversity conservation.General policy: Conservation and rehabilitation of forests and critical lands; 2. Target: Improving the protection of environmental functions and handling environmental impacts.Strategy: Increasing environmental sustainability and carrying capacity in tandem with handling environmental impacts.General policy: Protection of environmental functions and Handling of environmental impacts; 3. Goal: Control the area of sustainable food land to support South Sulawesi as a national food barn.Strategy: Controlling the conversion of agricultural land for food in a complementary manner by optimizing food Pasapan, P., T., Wahid, M., Y., Saleng, A., Nur, S., S. (2024) Conservation of the Mount Bawakaraeng Water Resources Area as a Form of Water Resources Management Through Sustainable and Environmentally Sound Development Strategies land and printing new food land.General policy: Enforcement of sustainable food land regulations.One of the factors that greatly affects the problem of water resource conservation is the problem of forest and land management and utilization, which is the upstream of one watershed.Forest areas in South Sulawesi are approximately 58.30% of the total provincial area of 2,725,796 hectares.After the issuance of the Decree of the Minister of Forestry No. SK.434/Menhut-II/2009 dated July 23, 2009, most of the functions and status of forest areas in South Sulawesi have the status of protected forest areas, which is 46%.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Map of the closure and use of land in the Jeneberang watershed in 1999 AND FOREST DEGRADATIONThe types of land cover and use in the Jeneberang watershed that are grouped into forest land are Primary Dryland Forests and Secondary Land

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Map of Deforestation and Degradation Incidents in the Jeneberang Watershed 2021

Figure 4 .•
Figure 4.Map of the Location of Land Conversion into Settlements in the Jeneberang

Table 1 .
Wide Distribution and Changes in Land Closure and Use In the Jeneberang

Table 2 .
1122.68 hectares.If averaged, the incidence of deforestation every year is 53.46 Ha.The distribution of deforestation and degradation events in the Jeneberang watershed from 1999-2020 is shown in table 2 and in figure3.From the results of the analysis as listed in table 2, the deforestation that occurred in the Jeneberang watershed was dominated by the conversion of forests toDistribution of Deforestation Incidents in the Jeneberang Watershed

Table 3 .
Types of land closures and land use that changed to Settlements from 1999-2020 Table 3 shows that the conversion of land to settlements is dominated by land closure and use from shrub types with an area percentage of 1444.37 Ha, then rice fields of 1179.76Ha, moors in settlements with an area of 392.98 Ha, open land of 164.79 Ha, ponds of 164.79 Ha, water bodies of 71.85 Ha, dryland agriculture of 23.65 Ha, and other land closure and use of land with an area of less than 1 Ha.